Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm built around objects with associated data, known as attributes, and functions, known as methods.
There are 4 main class systems in R:
S3 : informally defined, minimal, lean: methods dispatch based on class; base and stats packages use S3 exclusively
S4 : formally defined, allows method dispatch on multiple arguments
RC : Reference class: Reference semantics; similar to other programming languages; methods are part of the object
R6 : 3rd party class system similar to RC, more lightweight, faster
S3 and S4 methods are part of generic functions. RC and R6 methods are part of the object, but you can (and should) write generic functions for them as well.
This chapter will focus on the ubiquitous S3 system. For more advanced, and real OOP applications, we recommend looking into the R6 system.
S3
Most R objects we have been using so far are S3 objects. Data frames are some of the most common S3 objects.
Generic functions are functions that act differently based on the class of the input object. We have already used many of them. For example, summary() data.frame, on a factor, or a glm object, etc.
Generic functions in R are saved as functionname.classname() and called automatically, based on the class of the first argument. This allows the same function, e.g. print() summary() c() print() print.data.frame() print.factor() print(iris) this calls print.data.frame(iris). ## S3 method for class 'factor'.
methods()
To get a list of all available methods defined for a specific class,“What functions can I use on this object?”
[1] [ [[ [[<- [<- $<-
[6] aggregate anyDuplicated anyNA as.data.frame as.list
[11] as.matrix as.vector by cbind coerce
[16] dim dimnames dimnames<- droplevels duplicated
[21] edit format formula head initialize
[26] is.na Math merge na.exclude na.omit
[31] Ops plot print prompt rbind
[36] row.names row.names<- rowsum show slotsFromS3
[41] split split<- stack str subset
[46] summary Summary t tail transform
[51] type.convert unique unstack within xtfrm
see '?methods' for accessing help and source code
Conversely, to get a list of all available methods for a generic function, i.e. “What objects can I use this function on?”
[1] plot.acf* plot.data.frame* plot.decomposed.ts*
[4] plot.default plot.dendrogram* plot.density*
[7] plot.ecdf plot.factor* plot.formula*
[10] plot.function plot.hclust* plot.histogram*
[13] plot.HoltWinters* plot.isoreg* plot.lm*
[16] plot.medpolish* plot.mlm* plot.ppr*
[19] plot.prcomp* plot.princomp* plot.profile.nls*
[22] plot.raster* plot.spec* plot.stepfun
[25] plot.stl* plot.table* plot.ts
[28] plot.tskernel* plot.TukeyHSD*
see '?methods' for accessing help and source code
Defining custom S3 classes
It very simple to assign an object to a new class.
[1] "specialvector" "numeric"
The hierarchy of classes goes left to right, meaning that generic methods are searched for classes in the order they appear in the output of class()
If we print x, since there is no print method for class specialvector or for numeric, the default print.default()
[1] 1.888719017 0.097097656 0.694888321 0.072377928 -0.497907130
[6] -0.963478848 1.945085126 0.898447437 0.515390517 2.302865871
[11] -2.242245260 -1.279759205 -0.583887328 -0.967922802 -1.089577060
[16] 0.869694816 0.846009016 1.876821940 -1.524111809 1.439032407
[21] -0.398127484 1.308328220 -0.703791005 -1.442178727 0.500797958
[26] -1.035910654 0.219342949 1.085511067 -0.407612853 1.677908656
[31] -0.599957455 1.431962247 0.865893982 -0.918668598 -0.333356254
[36] -0.506774370 -1.301539247 -0.083430900 0.999780796 -0.452059487
[41] 2.350073630 0.868283906 -2.919772421 -0.606799133 -0.251386770
[46] 0.097164944 -0.649528507 -0.250702832 1.170758553 -0.143485168
[51] -0.649504408 -1.481641736 0.508557423 0.729487808 1.187005929
[56] -0.540462753 2.602901917 -1.072362853 0.555269006 -0.618126682
[61] -0.309636782 0.134467835 2.265552843 0.243738962 -0.321611531
[66] -1.664585522 -1.208026320 -0.223819939 -0.236047059 1.301440515
[71] 0.618060156 1.105629273 -1.368480636 1.716102126 -0.395680392
[76] -0.071566694 0.950265872 1.611675820 -1.048867645 0.977930720
[81] -0.282343475 -1.901756679 1.056641459 -1.106850948 0.556934615
[86] 0.162788958 0.045349517 -1.075163065 -0.279808683 -0.379805320
[91] -0.537564718 0.424279639 2.186101018 -1.811633119 1.087184490
[96] 0.793088008 -0.849708581 -0.361942058 -1.533768847 -1.236061402
[101] -0.270079856 1.187761831 0.340570473 -0.137981531 1.358011032
[106] -0.750176190 0.209266222 -0.227688580 -1.475535856 0.084068631
[111] -0.856426667 0.453994178 -0.452953162 -0.508845374 0.203397047
[116] 0.649616376 -0.752516622 -1.106775612 -0.990907485 -0.396536687
[121] 0.109523288 0.012058814 -0.453786208 0.248090928 3.411106770
[126] 2.924075360 0.631612825 0.351028112 -0.310088990 -2.308941754
[131] 0.016051795 0.140731891 0.508223448 -0.466316935 -0.322001159
[136] 1.274349831 1.742058688 -2.440178231 0.602354967 1.906101154
[141] 0.243900187 -1.159940705 -0.235946047 -1.579460854 0.563077584
[146] 0.590912873 0.432831465 0.464395299 1.595218417 -1.084504898
[151] -0.575994774 -0.212329904 0.561013058 1.513045966 -2.901256662
[156] 0.236783736 0.247433215 -1.104650845 -0.408174668 -0.703644693
[161] 0.825383197 0.043397545 0.011773235 1.246213047 0.329161199
[166] -0.999610336 -1.335542268 -1.956449691 0.862460652 -1.043043477
[171] 0.691613983 -0.427390926 0.984915460 0.139843610 -1.292790293
[176] 0.221488927 0.856045922 -0.049940025 2.017395058 0.550238231
[181] -0.106344015 -0.811813620 1.257597303 -0.140872278 -0.743587100
[186] -0.125836290 -0.311931640 0.415486471 -0.137360537 -0.205817083
[191] 1.866196280 0.650413365 -0.447484092 0.606259902 -0.044509915
[196] -1.061025452 0.212830127 -1.623002913 0.329449139 -1.757995129
[201] -0.190038962 1.305626010 -0.688977648 -0.153763834 0.420199767
[206] -1.140837378 -0.416399540 -0.262825846 -1.126712109 -0.348930869
[211] -0.851698668 -0.631107561 -0.697900522 1.049461405 1.387041666
[216] 0.942548017 -0.233915800 -1.774481705 0.569458580 -2.075914812
[221] -0.136130452 -0.383015062 -0.603570948 -0.264192733 -2.013528057
[226] -0.795864360 -0.799341770 -3.102640487 -0.009318856 1.312464835
[231] 0.410147399 1.302487588 0.671768470 -0.107125669 0.327951678
[236] -1.305653615 -0.120070946 0.569516594 -0.112249452 -1.052867332
[241] 0.734137183 1.182637857 -0.942939423 -0.313163674 0.405513765
[246] 0.338090993 -1.466428602 -1.584924605 -0.455539401 -1.475671715
[251] -0.029305168 0.277414064 -1.585323504 -0.043374523 1.393887795
[256] -0.671366403 -1.058536799 -0.097393476 0.308186911 -0.932942560
[261] -0.001947657 0.551896080 1.080014744 0.210080852 -0.516869808
[266] 0.597855597 1.439218082 2.566123952 -0.139659043 -0.964438341
[271] 0.939401719 -0.599078325 -0.520855987 -0.313126961 0.949284730
[276] 0.530048786 -0.211091113 -0.251527600 -1.327958268 0.463554220
[281] 1.040760627 -0.254002573 -0.872515549 -1.351105024 -1.064915043
[286] 0.834266103 -0.650261791 -0.121939200 -1.531486182 -2.040679939
[291] -0.485136508 1.793857876 -0.100831178 0.197539762 0.164575556
[296] -0.562449174 -1.145785998 1.822383383 0.196696988 -0.515542278
[301] -0.538681511 0.595565954 -1.157056656 -0.927937658 -0.739126324
[306] -1.647481423 0.929855991 -0.662239826 1.794604746 0.039174529
[311] -0.337659923 0.980501620 0.685868568 0.966673868 0.151686399
[316] 0.837460568 0.668583786 -1.095257827 0.569940979 -1.796854551
[321] -1.805234540 -0.680659131 1.718701374 1.119271856 0.256078198
[326] 1.071699022 -1.216394170 0.891814258 -0.393721532 -0.894893115
[331] 0.041732493 -0.525159072 -0.288259827 -0.662641201 1.398287929
[336] 0.381201040 -0.012910825 -0.136455397 1.507650735 -0.890770796
[341] 0.150524004 -1.478292765 -0.953320625 0.007469124 -0.222412081
[346] -0.369027650 -0.340957569 1.045530042 -0.268114901 0.076332385
[351] -0.775765764 0.198095287 3.849825076 0.425579511 0.609997386
[356] -0.043300400 1.907814288 0.028129459 1.907043377 2.518013534
[361] -0.417457530 -0.099604775 1.917888239 -2.465559417 -0.933942683
[366] -0.396749872 -0.297783000 -0.823082006 0.221755793 -0.260121325
[371] 0.770712404 -0.875530693 -1.448220441 0.747984217 -0.713218596
[376] 1.745341879 0.683691640 -0.482598135 0.788042890 0.031669662
[381] 0.488276429 0.225743373 -0.140241509 1.227888418 -0.088444487
[386] -1.682769914 0.107432101 1.557901612 -0.231538521 -0.915386645
[391] -1.669801738 0.587608864 -0.823873532 -0.551904874 0.717795708
[396] 0.479611367 0.875972981 -1.093955320 0.795697414 0.700108129
[401] 0.186424160 -1.267843163 2.252353341 1.112569804 0.877789358
[406] 1.457708491 -1.179410793 -0.047401638 -1.240315693 0.354213302
[411] 0.941336380 -0.694991681 0.411634750 -0.768547015 0.662565419
[416] -0.061829889 -0.812306592 -1.821231939 0.848493949 1.815592263
[421] -1.366648505 -0.926346802 -0.489977313 -0.443625228 -1.202150347
[426] 1.953136087 -1.594888598 0.366225348 1.187669756 0.008506154
[431] 0.450328047 0.024157854 -0.606799600 2.818949809 -0.144273033
[436] -1.769912911 0.542159388 -1.181933147 -1.000300650 1.322710087
[441] 0.016574602 -1.175823772 0.616461479 -0.817208162 -1.144415076
[446] 0.039484307 1.042007036 -0.206650105 -0.594844876 -0.893572906
[451] 0.049787264 1.115586836 0.079503577 0.476245600 -0.045242013
[456] -0.573456802 -0.214194339 -0.151564644 0.036140610 -0.454572067
[461] -0.084356405 0.785101478 -0.198167467 0.047375251 -0.522875850
[466] 0.316202133 -0.109321800 -0.155363965 -0.354693773 0.243650332
[471] 0.605715978 0.531615327 0.131997963 -0.653961268 -1.646040468
[476] -0.346129863 0.545413837 0.367103234 2.876650981 -0.584468699
[481] -0.694200186 1.055826941 -0.231121300 0.207498942 -1.207073774
[486] -0.184573318 -1.253408244 -0.831472224 0.073845745 -1.256317111
[491] -0.293008750 0.702482852 -0.831577335 1.735635518 -0.232380057
[496] 0.796251691 0.293554606 -0.743572118 2.674118971 -0.072190927
attr(,"class")
[1] "specialvector" "numeric"
[1] 1.888719017 0.097097656 0.694888321 0.072377928 -0.497907130
[6] -0.963478848 1.945085126 0.898447437 0.515390517 2.302865871
[11] -2.242245260 -1.279759205 -0.583887328 -0.967922802 -1.089577060
[16] 0.869694816 0.846009016 1.876821940 -1.524111809 1.439032407
[21] -0.398127484 1.308328220 -0.703791005 -1.442178727 0.500797958
[26] -1.035910654 0.219342949 1.085511067 -0.407612853 1.677908656
[31] -0.599957455 1.431962247 0.865893982 -0.918668598 -0.333356254
[36] -0.506774370 -1.301539247 -0.083430900 0.999780796 -0.452059487
[41] 2.350073630 0.868283906 -2.919772421 -0.606799133 -0.251386770
[46] 0.097164944 -0.649528507 -0.250702832 1.170758553 -0.143485168
[51] -0.649504408 -1.481641736 0.508557423 0.729487808 1.187005929
[56] -0.540462753 2.602901917 -1.072362853 0.555269006 -0.618126682
[61] -0.309636782 0.134467835 2.265552843 0.243738962 -0.321611531
[66] -1.664585522 -1.208026320 -0.223819939 -0.236047059 1.301440515
[71] 0.618060156 1.105629273 -1.368480636 1.716102126 -0.395680392
[76] -0.071566694 0.950265872 1.611675820 -1.048867645 0.977930720
[81] -0.282343475 -1.901756679 1.056641459 -1.106850948 0.556934615
[86] 0.162788958 0.045349517 -1.075163065 -0.279808683 -0.379805320
[91] -0.537564718 0.424279639 2.186101018 -1.811633119 1.087184490
[96] 0.793088008 -0.849708581 -0.361942058 -1.533768847 -1.236061402
[101] -0.270079856 1.187761831 0.340570473 -0.137981531 1.358011032
[106] -0.750176190 0.209266222 -0.227688580 -1.475535856 0.084068631
[111] -0.856426667 0.453994178 -0.452953162 -0.508845374 0.203397047
[116] 0.649616376 -0.752516622 -1.106775612 -0.990907485 -0.396536687
[121] 0.109523288 0.012058814 -0.453786208 0.248090928 3.411106770
[126] 2.924075360 0.631612825 0.351028112 -0.310088990 -2.308941754
[131] 0.016051795 0.140731891 0.508223448 -0.466316935 -0.322001159
[136] 1.274349831 1.742058688 -2.440178231 0.602354967 1.906101154
[141] 0.243900187 -1.159940705 -0.235946047 -1.579460854 0.563077584
[146] 0.590912873 0.432831465 0.464395299 1.595218417 -1.084504898
[151] -0.575994774 -0.212329904 0.561013058 1.513045966 -2.901256662
[156] 0.236783736 0.247433215 -1.104650845 -0.408174668 -0.703644693
[161] 0.825383197 0.043397545 0.011773235 1.246213047 0.329161199
[166] -0.999610336 -1.335542268 -1.956449691 0.862460652 -1.043043477
[171] 0.691613983 -0.427390926 0.984915460 0.139843610 -1.292790293
[176] 0.221488927 0.856045922 -0.049940025 2.017395058 0.550238231
[181] -0.106344015 -0.811813620 1.257597303 -0.140872278 -0.743587100
[186] -0.125836290 -0.311931640 0.415486471 -0.137360537 -0.205817083
[191] 1.866196280 0.650413365 -0.447484092 0.606259902 -0.044509915
[196] -1.061025452 0.212830127 -1.623002913 0.329449139 -1.757995129
[201] -0.190038962 1.305626010 -0.688977648 -0.153763834 0.420199767
[206] -1.140837378 -0.416399540 -0.262825846 -1.126712109 -0.348930869
[211] -0.851698668 -0.631107561 -0.697900522 1.049461405 1.387041666
[216] 0.942548017 -0.233915800 -1.774481705 0.569458580 -2.075914812
[221] -0.136130452 -0.383015062 -0.603570948 -0.264192733 -2.013528057
[226] -0.795864360 -0.799341770 -3.102640487 -0.009318856 1.312464835
[231] 0.410147399 1.302487588 0.671768470 -0.107125669 0.327951678
[236] -1.305653615 -0.120070946 0.569516594 -0.112249452 -1.052867332
[241] 0.734137183 1.182637857 -0.942939423 -0.313163674 0.405513765
[246] 0.338090993 -1.466428602 -1.584924605 -0.455539401 -1.475671715
[251] -0.029305168 0.277414064 -1.585323504 -0.043374523 1.393887795
[256] -0.671366403 -1.058536799 -0.097393476 0.308186911 -0.932942560
[261] -0.001947657 0.551896080 1.080014744 0.210080852 -0.516869808
[266] 0.597855597 1.439218082 2.566123952 -0.139659043 -0.964438341
[271] 0.939401719 -0.599078325 -0.520855987 -0.313126961 0.949284730
[276] 0.530048786 -0.211091113 -0.251527600 -1.327958268 0.463554220
[281] 1.040760627 -0.254002573 -0.872515549 -1.351105024 -1.064915043
[286] 0.834266103 -0.650261791 -0.121939200 -1.531486182 -2.040679939
[291] -0.485136508 1.793857876 -0.100831178 0.197539762 0.164575556
[296] -0.562449174 -1.145785998 1.822383383 0.196696988 -0.515542278
[301] -0.538681511 0.595565954 -1.157056656 -0.927937658 -0.739126324
[306] -1.647481423 0.929855991 -0.662239826 1.794604746 0.039174529
[311] -0.337659923 0.980501620 0.685868568 0.966673868 0.151686399
[316] 0.837460568 0.668583786 -1.095257827 0.569940979 -1.796854551
[321] -1.805234540 -0.680659131 1.718701374 1.119271856 0.256078198
[326] 1.071699022 -1.216394170 0.891814258 -0.393721532 -0.894893115
[331] 0.041732493 -0.525159072 -0.288259827 -0.662641201 1.398287929
[336] 0.381201040 -0.012910825 -0.136455397 1.507650735 -0.890770796
[341] 0.150524004 -1.478292765 -0.953320625 0.007469124 -0.222412081
[346] -0.369027650 -0.340957569 1.045530042 -0.268114901 0.076332385
[351] -0.775765764 0.198095287 3.849825076 0.425579511 0.609997386
[356] -0.043300400 1.907814288 0.028129459 1.907043377 2.518013534
[361] -0.417457530 -0.099604775 1.917888239 -2.465559417 -0.933942683
[366] -0.396749872 -0.297783000 -0.823082006 0.221755793 -0.260121325
[371] 0.770712404 -0.875530693 -1.448220441 0.747984217 -0.713218596
[376] 1.745341879 0.683691640 -0.482598135 0.788042890 0.031669662
[381] 0.488276429 0.225743373 -0.140241509 1.227888418 -0.088444487
[386] -1.682769914 0.107432101 1.557901612 -0.231538521 -0.915386645
[391] -1.669801738 0.587608864 -0.823873532 -0.551904874 0.717795708
[396] 0.479611367 0.875972981 -1.093955320 0.795697414 0.700108129
[401] 0.186424160 -1.267843163 2.252353341 1.112569804 0.877789358
[406] 1.457708491 -1.179410793 -0.047401638 -1.240315693 0.354213302
[411] 0.941336380 -0.694991681 0.411634750 -0.768547015 0.662565419
[416] -0.061829889 -0.812306592 -1.821231939 0.848493949 1.815592263
[421] -1.366648505 -0.926346802 -0.489977313 -0.443625228 -1.202150347
[426] 1.953136087 -1.594888598 0.366225348 1.187669756 0.008506154
[431] 0.450328047 0.024157854 -0.606799600 2.818949809 -0.144273033
[436] -1.769912911 0.542159388 -1.181933147 -1.000300650 1.322710087
[441] 0.016574602 -1.175823772 0.616461479 -0.817208162 -1.144415076
[446] 0.039484307 1.042007036 -0.206650105 -0.594844876 -0.893572906
[451] 0.049787264 1.115586836 0.079503577 0.476245600 -0.045242013
[456] -0.573456802 -0.214194339 -0.151564644 0.036140610 -0.454572067
[461] -0.084356405 0.785101478 -0.198167467 0.047375251 -0.522875850
[466] 0.316202133 -0.109321800 -0.155363965 -0.354693773 0.243650332
[471] 0.605715978 0.531615327 0.131997963 -0.653961268 -1.646040468
[476] -0.346129863 0.545413837 0.367103234 2.876650981 -0.584468699
[481] -0.694200186 1.055826941 -0.231121300 0.207498942 -1.207073774
[486] -0.184573318 -1.253408244 -0.831472224 0.073845745 -1.256317111
[491] -0.293008750 0.702482852 -0.831577335 1.735635518 -0.232380057
[496] 0.796251691 0.293554606 -0.743572118 2.674118971 -0.072190927
attr(,"class")
[1] "specialvector" "numeric"
To create a custom print() specialvector, we define a function named print.[classname]:
print.specialvector <- function ( x , ... ) { cat ( "This is a special vector of length" , length ( x ) , "\n" )
cat ( "Its mean value is" , mean ( x , na.rm = TRUE ) ,
"and its median is" , median ( x , na.rm = TRUE ) )
cat ( "\nHere are the first few elements:\n" , head ( x ) , "\n" )
invisible ( x )
}
Now, when you print an object of class specialvector, the custom print()
This is a special vector of length 500
Its mean value is -0.01333819 and its median is -0.09849913
Here are the first few elements:
1.888719 0.09709766 0.6948883 0.07237793 -0.4979071 -0.9634788
If needed, you can call the default or another appropriate method directly:
[1] 1.888719017 0.097097656 0.694888321 0.072377928 -0.497907130
[6] -0.963478848 1.945085126 0.898447437 0.515390517 2.302865871
[11] -2.242245260 -1.279759205 -0.583887328 -0.967922802 -1.089577060
[16] 0.869694816 0.846009016 1.876821940 -1.524111809 1.439032407
[21] -0.398127484 1.308328220 -0.703791005 -1.442178727 0.500797958
[26] -1.035910654 0.219342949 1.085511067 -0.407612853 1.677908656
[31] -0.599957455 1.431962247 0.865893982 -0.918668598 -0.333356254
[36] -0.506774370 -1.301539247 -0.083430900 0.999780796 -0.452059487
[41] 2.350073630 0.868283906 -2.919772421 -0.606799133 -0.251386770
[46] 0.097164944 -0.649528507 -0.250702832 1.170758553 -0.143485168
[51] -0.649504408 -1.481641736 0.508557423 0.729487808 1.187005929
[56] -0.540462753 2.602901917 -1.072362853 0.555269006 -0.618126682
[61] -0.309636782 0.134467835 2.265552843 0.243738962 -0.321611531
[66] -1.664585522 -1.208026320 -0.223819939 -0.236047059 1.301440515
[71] 0.618060156 1.105629273 -1.368480636 1.716102126 -0.395680392
[76] -0.071566694 0.950265872 1.611675820 -1.048867645 0.977930720
[81] -0.282343475 -1.901756679 1.056641459 -1.106850948 0.556934615
[86] 0.162788958 0.045349517 -1.075163065 -0.279808683 -0.379805320
[91] -0.537564718 0.424279639 2.186101018 -1.811633119 1.087184490
[96] 0.793088008 -0.849708581 -0.361942058 -1.533768847 -1.236061402
[101] -0.270079856 1.187761831 0.340570473 -0.137981531 1.358011032
[106] -0.750176190 0.209266222 -0.227688580 -1.475535856 0.084068631
[111] -0.856426667 0.453994178 -0.452953162 -0.508845374 0.203397047
[116] 0.649616376 -0.752516622 -1.106775612 -0.990907485 -0.396536687
[121] 0.109523288 0.012058814 -0.453786208 0.248090928 3.411106770
[126] 2.924075360 0.631612825 0.351028112 -0.310088990 -2.308941754
[131] 0.016051795 0.140731891 0.508223448 -0.466316935 -0.322001159
[136] 1.274349831 1.742058688 -2.440178231 0.602354967 1.906101154
[141] 0.243900187 -1.159940705 -0.235946047 -1.579460854 0.563077584
[146] 0.590912873 0.432831465 0.464395299 1.595218417 -1.084504898
[151] -0.575994774 -0.212329904 0.561013058 1.513045966 -2.901256662
[156] 0.236783736 0.247433215 -1.104650845 -0.408174668 -0.703644693
[161] 0.825383197 0.043397545 0.011773235 1.246213047 0.329161199
[166] -0.999610336 -1.335542268 -1.956449691 0.862460652 -1.043043477
[171] 0.691613983 -0.427390926 0.984915460 0.139843610 -1.292790293
[176] 0.221488927 0.856045922 -0.049940025 2.017395058 0.550238231
[181] -0.106344015 -0.811813620 1.257597303 -0.140872278 -0.743587100
[186] -0.125836290 -0.311931640 0.415486471 -0.137360537 -0.205817083
[191] 1.866196280 0.650413365 -0.447484092 0.606259902 -0.044509915
[196] -1.061025452 0.212830127 -1.623002913 0.329449139 -1.757995129
[201] -0.190038962 1.305626010 -0.688977648 -0.153763834 0.420199767
[206] -1.140837378 -0.416399540 -0.262825846 -1.126712109 -0.348930869
[211] -0.851698668 -0.631107561 -0.697900522 1.049461405 1.387041666
[216] 0.942548017 -0.233915800 -1.774481705 0.569458580 -2.075914812
[221] -0.136130452 -0.383015062 -0.603570948 -0.264192733 -2.013528057
[226] -0.795864360 -0.799341770 -3.102640487 -0.009318856 1.312464835
[231] 0.410147399 1.302487588 0.671768470 -0.107125669 0.327951678
[236] -1.305653615 -0.120070946 0.569516594 -0.112249452 -1.052867332
[241] 0.734137183 1.182637857 -0.942939423 -0.313163674 0.405513765
[246] 0.338090993 -1.466428602 -1.584924605 -0.455539401 -1.475671715
[251] -0.029305168 0.277414064 -1.585323504 -0.043374523 1.393887795
[256] -0.671366403 -1.058536799 -0.097393476 0.308186911 -0.932942560
[261] -0.001947657 0.551896080 1.080014744 0.210080852 -0.516869808
[266] 0.597855597 1.439218082 2.566123952 -0.139659043 -0.964438341
[271] 0.939401719 -0.599078325 -0.520855987 -0.313126961 0.949284730
[276] 0.530048786 -0.211091113 -0.251527600 -1.327958268 0.463554220
[281] 1.040760627 -0.254002573 -0.872515549 -1.351105024 -1.064915043
[286] 0.834266103 -0.650261791 -0.121939200 -1.531486182 -2.040679939
[291] -0.485136508 1.793857876 -0.100831178 0.197539762 0.164575556
[296] -0.562449174 -1.145785998 1.822383383 0.196696988 -0.515542278
[301] -0.538681511 0.595565954 -1.157056656 -0.927937658 -0.739126324
[306] -1.647481423 0.929855991 -0.662239826 1.794604746 0.039174529
[311] -0.337659923 0.980501620 0.685868568 0.966673868 0.151686399
[316] 0.837460568 0.668583786 -1.095257827 0.569940979 -1.796854551
[321] -1.805234540 -0.680659131 1.718701374 1.119271856 0.256078198
[326] 1.071699022 -1.216394170 0.891814258 -0.393721532 -0.894893115
[331] 0.041732493 -0.525159072 -0.288259827 -0.662641201 1.398287929
[336] 0.381201040 -0.012910825 -0.136455397 1.507650735 -0.890770796
[341] 0.150524004 -1.478292765 -0.953320625 0.007469124 -0.222412081
[346] -0.369027650 -0.340957569 1.045530042 -0.268114901 0.076332385
[351] -0.775765764 0.198095287 3.849825076 0.425579511 0.609997386
[356] -0.043300400 1.907814288 0.028129459 1.907043377 2.518013534
[361] -0.417457530 -0.099604775 1.917888239 -2.465559417 -0.933942683
[366] -0.396749872 -0.297783000 -0.823082006 0.221755793 -0.260121325
[371] 0.770712404 -0.875530693 -1.448220441 0.747984217 -0.713218596
[376] 1.745341879 0.683691640 -0.482598135 0.788042890 0.031669662
[381] 0.488276429 0.225743373 -0.140241509 1.227888418 -0.088444487
[386] -1.682769914 0.107432101 1.557901612 -0.231538521 -0.915386645
[391] -1.669801738 0.587608864 -0.823873532 -0.551904874 0.717795708
[396] 0.479611367 0.875972981 -1.093955320 0.795697414 0.700108129
[401] 0.186424160 -1.267843163 2.252353341 1.112569804 0.877789358
[406] 1.457708491 -1.179410793 -0.047401638 -1.240315693 0.354213302
[411] 0.941336380 -0.694991681 0.411634750 -0.768547015 0.662565419
[416] -0.061829889 -0.812306592 -1.821231939 0.848493949 1.815592263
[421] -1.366648505 -0.926346802 -0.489977313 -0.443625228 -1.202150347
[426] 1.953136087 -1.594888598 0.366225348 1.187669756 0.008506154
[431] 0.450328047 0.024157854 -0.606799600 2.818949809 -0.144273033
[436] -1.769912911 0.542159388 -1.181933147 -1.000300650 1.322710087
[441] 0.016574602 -1.175823772 0.616461479 -0.817208162 -1.144415076
[446] 0.039484307 1.042007036 -0.206650105 -0.594844876 -0.893572906
[451] 0.049787264 1.115586836 0.079503577 0.476245600 -0.045242013
[456] -0.573456802 -0.214194339 -0.151564644 0.036140610 -0.454572067
[461] -0.084356405 0.785101478 -0.198167467 0.047375251 -0.522875850
[466] 0.316202133 -0.109321800 -0.155363965 -0.354693773 0.243650332
[471] 0.605715978 0.531615327 0.131997963 -0.653961268 -1.646040468
[476] -0.346129863 0.545413837 0.367103234 2.876650981 -0.584468699
[481] -0.694200186 1.055826941 -0.231121300 0.207498942 -1.207073774
[486] -0.184573318 -1.253408244 -0.831472224 0.073845745 -1.256317111
[491] -0.293008750 0.702482852 -0.831577335 1.735635518 -0.232380057
[496] 0.796251691 0.293554606 -0.743572118 2.674118971 -0.072190927
attr(,"class")
[1] "specialvector" "numeric"
You can change the vector back to a regular numeric vector, or a different class, just as easily:
[1] 1.888719017 0.097097656 0.694888321 0.072377928 -0.497907130
[6] -0.963478848 1.945085126 0.898447437 0.515390517 2.302865871
[11] -2.242245260 -1.279759205 -0.583887328 -0.967922802 -1.089577060
[16] 0.869694816 0.846009016 1.876821940 -1.524111809 1.439032407
[21] -0.398127484 1.308328220 -0.703791005 -1.442178727 0.500797958
[26] -1.035910654 0.219342949 1.085511067 -0.407612853 1.677908656
[31] -0.599957455 1.431962247 0.865893982 -0.918668598 -0.333356254
[36] -0.506774370 -1.301539247 -0.083430900 0.999780796 -0.452059487
[41] 2.350073630 0.868283906 -2.919772421 -0.606799133 -0.251386770
[46] 0.097164944 -0.649528507 -0.250702832 1.170758553 -0.143485168
[51] -0.649504408 -1.481641736 0.508557423 0.729487808 1.187005929
[56] -0.540462753 2.602901917 -1.072362853 0.555269006 -0.618126682
[61] -0.309636782 0.134467835 2.265552843 0.243738962 -0.321611531
[66] -1.664585522 -1.208026320 -0.223819939 -0.236047059 1.301440515
[71] 0.618060156 1.105629273 -1.368480636 1.716102126 -0.395680392
[76] -0.071566694 0.950265872 1.611675820 -1.048867645 0.977930720
[81] -0.282343475 -1.901756679 1.056641459 -1.106850948 0.556934615
[86] 0.162788958 0.045349517 -1.075163065 -0.279808683 -0.379805320
[91] -0.537564718 0.424279639 2.186101018 -1.811633119 1.087184490
[96] 0.793088008 -0.849708581 -0.361942058 -1.533768847 -1.236061402
[101] -0.270079856 1.187761831 0.340570473 -0.137981531 1.358011032
[106] -0.750176190 0.209266222 -0.227688580 -1.475535856 0.084068631
[111] -0.856426667 0.453994178 -0.452953162 -0.508845374 0.203397047
[116] 0.649616376 -0.752516622 -1.106775612 -0.990907485 -0.396536687
[121] 0.109523288 0.012058814 -0.453786208 0.248090928 3.411106770
[126] 2.924075360 0.631612825 0.351028112 -0.310088990 -2.308941754
[131] 0.016051795 0.140731891 0.508223448 -0.466316935 -0.322001159
[136] 1.274349831 1.742058688 -2.440178231 0.602354967 1.906101154
[141] 0.243900187 -1.159940705 -0.235946047 -1.579460854 0.563077584
[146] 0.590912873 0.432831465 0.464395299 1.595218417 -1.084504898
[151] -0.575994774 -0.212329904 0.561013058 1.513045966 -2.901256662
[156] 0.236783736 0.247433215 -1.104650845 -0.408174668 -0.703644693
[161] 0.825383197 0.043397545 0.011773235 1.246213047 0.329161199
[166] -0.999610336 -1.335542268 -1.956449691 0.862460652 -1.043043477
[171] 0.691613983 -0.427390926 0.984915460 0.139843610 -1.292790293
[176] 0.221488927 0.856045922 -0.049940025 2.017395058 0.550238231
[181] -0.106344015 -0.811813620 1.257597303 -0.140872278 -0.743587100
[186] -0.125836290 -0.311931640 0.415486471 -0.137360537 -0.205817083
[191] 1.866196280 0.650413365 -0.447484092 0.606259902 -0.044509915
[196] -1.061025452 0.212830127 -1.623002913 0.329449139 -1.757995129
[201] -0.190038962 1.305626010 -0.688977648 -0.153763834 0.420199767
[206] -1.140837378 -0.416399540 -0.262825846 -1.126712109 -0.348930869
[211] -0.851698668 -0.631107561 -0.697900522 1.049461405 1.387041666
[216] 0.942548017 -0.233915800 -1.774481705 0.569458580 -2.075914812
[221] -0.136130452 -0.383015062 -0.603570948 -0.264192733 -2.013528057
[226] -0.795864360 -0.799341770 -3.102640487 -0.009318856 1.312464835
[231] 0.410147399 1.302487588 0.671768470 -0.107125669 0.327951678
[236] -1.305653615 -0.120070946 0.569516594 -0.112249452 -1.052867332
[241] 0.734137183 1.182637857 -0.942939423 -0.313163674 0.405513765
[246] 0.338090993 -1.466428602 -1.584924605 -0.455539401 -1.475671715
[251] -0.029305168 0.277414064 -1.585323504 -0.043374523 1.393887795
[256] -0.671366403 -1.058536799 -0.097393476 0.308186911 -0.932942560
[261] -0.001947657 0.551896080 1.080014744 0.210080852 -0.516869808
[266] 0.597855597 1.439218082 2.566123952 -0.139659043 -0.964438341
[271] 0.939401719 -0.599078325 -0.520855987 -0.313126961 0.949284730
[276] 0.530048786 -0.211091113 -0.251527600 -1.327958268 0.463554220
[281] 1.040760627 -0.254002573 -0.872515549 -1.351105024 -1.064915043
[286] 0.834266103 -0.650261791 -0.121939200 -1.531486182 -2.040679939
[291] -0.485136508 1.793857876 -0.100831178 0.197539762 0.164575556
[296] -0.562449174 -1.145785998 1.822383383 0.196696988 -0.515542278
[301] -0.538681511 0.595565954 -1.157056656 -0.927937658 -0.739126324
[306] -1.647481423 0.929855991 -0.662239826 1.794604746 0.039174529
[311] -0.337659923 0.980501620 0.685868568 0.966673868 0.151686399
[316] 0.837460568 0.668583786 -1.095257827 0.569940979 -1.796854551
[321] -1.805234540 -0.680659131 1.718701374 1.119271856 0.256078198
[326] 1.071699022 -1.216394170 0.891814258 -0.393721532 -0.894893115
[331] 0.041732493 -0.525159072 -0.288259827 -0.662641201 1.398287929
[336] 0.381201040 -0.012910825 -0.136455397 1.507650735 -0.890770796
[341] 0.150524004 -1.478292765 -0.953320625 0.007469124 -0.222412081
[346] -0.369027650 -0.340957569 1.045530042 -0.268114901 0.076332385
[351] -0.775765764 0.198095287 3.849825076 0.425579511 0.609997386
[356] -0.043300400 1.907814288 0.028129459 1.907043377 2.518013534
[361] -0.417457530 -0.099604775 1.917888239 -2.465559417 -0.933942683
[366] -0.396749872 -0.297783000 -0.823082006 0.221755793 -0.260121325
[371] 0.770712404 -0.875530693 -1.448220441 0.747984217 -0.713218596
[376] 1.745341879 0.683691640 -0.482598135 0.788042890 0.031669662
[381] 0.488276429 0.225743373 -0.140241509 1.227888418 -0.088444487
[386] -1.682769914 0.107432101 1.557901612 -0.231538521 -0.915386645
[391] -1.669801738 0.587608864 -0.823873532 -0.551904874 0.717795708
[396] 0.479611367 0.875972981 -1.093955320 0.795697414 0.700108129
[401] 0.186424160 -1.267843163 2.252353341 1.112569804 0.877789358
[406] 1.457708491 -1.179410793 -0.047401638 -1.240315693 0.354213302
[411] 0.941336380 -0.694991681 0.411634750 -0.768547015 0.662565419
[416] -0.061829889 -0.812306592 -1.821231939 0.848493949 1.815592263
[421] -1.366648505 -0.926346802 -0.489977313 -0.443625228 -1.202150347
[426] 1.953136087 -1.594888598 0.366225348 1.187669756 0.008506154
[431] 0.450328047 0.024157854 -0.606799600 2.818949809 -0.144273033
[436] -1.769912911 0.542159388 -1.181933147 -1.000300650 1.322710087
[441] 0.016574602 -1.175823772 0.616461479 -0.817208162 -1.144415076
[446] 0.039484307 1.042007036 -0.206650105 -0.594844876 -0.893572906
[451] 0.049787264 1.115586836 0.079503577 0.476245600 -0.045242013
[456] -0.573456802 -0.214194339 -0.151564644 0.036140610 -0.454572067
[461] -0.084356405 0.785101478 -0.198167467 0.047375251 -0.522875850
[466] 0.316202133 -0.109321800 -0.155363965 -0.354693773 0.243650332
[471] 0.605715978 0.531615327 0.131997963 -0.653961268 -1.646040468
[476] -0.346129863 0.545413837 0.367103234 2.876650981 -0.584468699
[481] -0.694200186 1.055826941 -0.231121300 0.207498942 -1.207073774
[486] -0.184573318 -1.253408244 -0.831472224 0.073845745 -1.256317111
[491] -0.293008750 0.702482852 -0.831577335 1.735635518 -0.232380057
[496] 0.796251691 0.293554606 -0.743572118 2.674118971 -0.072190927